CRONOLOGY OF CUBAN AFFAIRS,1958-1998. RELEASED BY THE BUREAU
OF INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS. JAN 12,1998
Mar 14, 1958 - The U.S. government suspends arms shipments to the Batista government.
Jan 1, 1959. Revolutionary forces seize control of Havana.
Jan 7, 1959. The United States recognizes the new Cuban government.
Jan 1959. Trials and executions of former Batista regime officials begin.
May 17, 1959. Agrarian Reform Law expropriates farmlands over 1000 acres
and forbids foreign land ownership.
May 8, 1960. Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union
resume.
Jun 28, 1960. Castro confiscates American-owned oil refineries without
compensation.
Aug 6, 1960. Nationalization of U.S. and foreign-owned property in Cuba
begins.
Aug 7, 1960. -The Cuban Catholic Church condemns rise of communism in
Cuba. Castro bans religious TV and radio broadcasts.
Oct 19, 1960. -U.S. imposes economic embargo on Cuba, except food and
medicine.
Oct 24, 1960. -Remaining American-owned property in Cuba nationalized.
Jan 3, 1961. -President Eisenhower breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba.
Apr 17, 1961. -U.S.-supported Cuban exiles invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
Dec 2, 1961. -Castro declares, "I am a Marxist-Leninist, and will be
one until the last day of my life."
Jan 22, 1962. -Cuban membership in the Organization of American States
(OAS) is suspended.
Feb 7, 1962. -The U.S. government bans all Cuban imports
and re-export of U.S. products to Cuba from other countries. The U.S. will
also cut off aid to countries that furnish assistance to Cuba.
Oct 2, 1962. -U.S. ports are closed to nations allowing their ships to
carry arms to Cuba, ships that have docked in a socialist country are
prohibited from docking in the United States during that voyage, and the
transport of U.S. goods is banned on ships owned by companies that trade with
Cuba.
Oct 14, 1962. -The Cuban Missile Crisis begins when U.S. reconnaissance
aircraft photograph Soviet construction of intermediate-range missile sites
in Cuba.
Oct 26, 1962. -In a secret communication, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev
agrees not to break the U.S. blockade and offers to withdraw Soviet missiles
from Cuba if the United States pledges not to invade Cuba and if President
Kennedy would order Jupiter missiles removed from Turkey.
Oct 27, 1962. -Cuba downs a U-2 plane. In a letter to Khrushchev,
President Kennedy proposes immediate Soviet withdrawal of the missiles in
exchange for an end to the blockade. Privately, the USG informs the Soviet
Union it will withdraw U.S. missiles from Turkey once the crisis ends.
Oct 28, 1962. -Radio Moscow announces that the Soviet Union has accepted
the proposed solution.
Nov 21, 1962. -President Kennedy terminates the quarantine measures
against Cuba.
Feb 8, 1963. -The Kennedy administration prohibits travel to Cuba and
makes financial and commercial transactions with Cuba illegal for U.S.
citizens.
Jul 8, 1963. -All Cuban-owned assets in the United States are frozen.
Jul 1963. -Members of the OAS vote to enact economic sanctions and to
break diplomatic links with Cuba.
Oct 1965. -Over 3000 Cubans leave in a boatlift from Camarioca to the
United States.
Nov 6, 1965. -Beginning of the Freedom Flights program, which allows 250,000
Cubans to come to the United States by 1971.
1966. -Father Miguel Laredo is tried for allegedly assisting in the
attempted escape of a Cubana Airlines engineer. In addition, priests and
other clergymen are required to enter into military service.
Nov 2, 1966. -The Cuban Adjustment Act allows 123,000 Cubans to apply for
permanent residence in the U.S.
Jan 2, 1968. -Castro announces petroleum rationing.
Mar 13, 1968. -The Great Revolutionary Offensive is launched, culminating
in the nationalization of the remaining private sector and mobilization of
manpower for agricultural production.
Jan 2, 1969. -Castro announces sugar rationing.
Jul 1972. -Cuba joins the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the
communist bloc trade association.
Oct 1973. -Cuba sends 500 tank drivers to aid Syria during the Yom Kippur
War.
Nov 1974. -Assistant Secretary of State William Rogers and Assistant to
the Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger conduct secret normalization
talks with Cuban officials in Washington and New York. The talks end over
Cuban involvement in Angola.
Jul 29, 1975. -OAS members vote to lift collective sanctions against Cuba.
The U.S. government welcomes the action and announces its intention to open
serious discussions with Cuba on normalization.
Oct 1975. -Cuba begins deployment of 35,000 combat troops to support the
Marxist regime in Angola.
Dec 20, 1975. -President Ford declares that Cuban involvement in Angola
and support of the Puerto Rican independence movement ends efforts to improve
relations.
Dec 22, 1975. -Castro declares continued support for revolutionary
movements in Angola and Puerto Rico.
Feb 24, 1976. -Under a new constitution, Castro becomes head of the
government as of President of the Council of Ministers, commander of the
armed forces, and First Secretary of the communist party. The PCC is
institutionalized within the formal governmental structure. Article 54
prohibits the practice of faith or the establishment of religious
organizations in opposition to revolutionary principles.
Mar 18, 1977. -U.S. government lifts prohibition on travel to Cuba and
allows U.S. citizens to spend $100 on Cuban goods during their visits.
Apr 1977. -200 Cuban trainers arrive in Ethiopia. Cuba supports the
Katangan rebellion, causing the government of Zaire to break-off diplomatic
relations. Cuba maintains troops in the Congo, Mozambique, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, and Equatorial Guinea.
Apr 27, 1977. -The United States and Cuba sign agreements on fishing
rights and maritime boundaries.
Sep 1977. -The United States and Cuba open interests sections in each other’s
capitals.
Jan 1978. -Cuba begins deployment of 20,000 troops to Ethiopia.
Jul 31, 1978. -Castro calls for the removal of U.S. bases from Guantanamo
Bay. Bombings of the Cuban United Nations Mission, the Cuban Interests
Section, and the Soviet Mission by anti-Castro exile groups follow throughout
the fall. In December, the U.S. government announces that the full force of
the law will be used against those responsible for these terrorist actions.
Jul 1979. -Cuban-supported Sandinistas overthrow the government of
Anastasio Somoza in Nicaragua.
Aug 30, 1979. -Senator Frank Church, the chairman of the Foreign Relations
Committee, announces discovery of a Soviet combat brigade of 3000 troops in
Cuba.
Oct 1, 1979. -President Carter reaffirms that troops from Cuba would not
be permitted to move against neighboring countries and establishes a
Caribbean Joint Task Force Headquarters in Florida.
Apr 1980. -10,000 Cubans storm the Peruvian embassy in Havana seeking political
asylum. After the easing of immigration restrictions, a flotilla of refugees
(eventually 125,000) begins an exodus from the port of Mariel in Cuba for the
United States.
May 14, 1980. -President Carter demands that the Cuban government impose
an orderly departure and orders a blockade to prevent private boats from
traveling to Cuba to pick up refugees. The Cuban government closes Mariel
harbor in September.
Sep 11, 1980. -An attaché of the Cuban Mission to the United Nations is
assassinated by anti-Castro terrorists. Secretary of State Muskie issues a
statement terming the murder "reprehensible."
Dec 22, 1980. -The first of several meetings between U.S. and Cuban
officials to discuss the repatriation of the Marielitos occurs.
Sep 23, 1981.The U.S. government announces plans to establish Radio Marti
to broadcast to Cuba.
1982. -U.S. envoy Vernon Walters meets with Castro in Havana to discuss
outstanding issues.
Apr 9, 1982. -Charter air links between Miami and Havana are halted by the
U.S. government.
Apr 19, 1982. -USG effectively bans travel to Cuba by prohibiting monetary
expenditures in Cuba by U.S. citizens.
Oct 25, 1983. -The U.S. intervention of Grenada begins following a leftist
coup and the discovery that Cubans are being used to build an airstrip that
could have been used for military aircraft.
Jan 11, 1984. -A presidential commission on Central America headed by
Henry Kissinger reports that the Soviet and Cuban intervention in the region
has created a major security problem for the United States.
July 31, 1984. -U.S. and Cuban officials hold talks on migration issues.
Dec 14, 1984. -The United States and Cuba conclude a migration pact under
which Cuba agrees to accept the return of Marielitos.
Jan 21, 1985. -U.S. bishops visit Cuba. They meet with Castro and request
the release of 250 political prisoners.
May 20, 1985. -Radio Marti begins broadcasts to Cuba. The Cuban government
immediately jams the signal. Castro later suspends the 1984 U.S.-Cuban
immigration agreement.
1986. -The Cuban government begins to grant long-term visas to foreign
priests and nuns.
Nov 19, 1987. -The United States and Cuba conclude a new immigration pact
which reinstates the /1984 agreement.
Mar 1988. -The UN Human Rights Commission sends a team to report on the
human rights situation in Cuba.
Aug 23, 1988. -President Reagan signs a trade act that ends licensing
requirements for importing recordings, printed material, and other media from
Cuba.
Nov 1988. -At the intercession of the U.S. Catholic Conference, Cuba agrees
to release 44 political prisoners.
Nov 20, 1989. -The Treasury Department limits travel related expenses for
U.S. citizens to Cuba at $100 per day.
Mar 23, 1990. -The first test of TV Marti is launched. It is jammed by the
Cuban government.
May 20, 1991. -In a meeting with Cuban dissidents, President Bush calls
for Castro to release political prisoners and hold elections.
Sep 11, 1991. -Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev states that he will
withdraw all Soviet troops from Cuba.
1991. -The Fourth Communist Party Congress resolves to allow members of
religious groups to join the party.
Dec 1991. -Termination of Soviet economic subsidies worth approximately $6
billion annually.
Jul 1992. -Changes to the Cuban constitution include measures to attract
foreign investment without compromising Castro's hold on power. The official
designation of the Cuban government is changed from "atheist" to
"secular." Religious discrimination is also forbidden.
Oct 15, 1992. -Congress passes the Cuban Democracy Act, which prohibits
foreign-based subsidiaries of U.S. companies from trading with Cuba, travel
to Cuba by U.S. citizens, and family remittances to Cuba. The law allows
private groups to deliver food and medicine to Cuba.
Oct 1, 1993. -The United States and Cuba reach an agreement at the working
level on the repatriation of 1500 criminal Cuban migrants. High-level GOC
approval was never forthcoming.
Aug 1994. -Following Castro's declaration of an open migration policy, a
new boatlift begins when 30,000 refugees set sail from Cuba as economic
conditions continue to deteriorate. A "picket line" established by
the U.S. Coast Guard prevents additional seaborne migrations.
Sep 1, 1994. -Talks on migration open in New York City between Cuban and
U.S. officials.
Sep 9, 1994. -The U.S. and Cuba issue a joint communiqué agreeing to take
measures to ensure that migration between the two countries is safe, legal,
and orderly. The U.S. agrees that total legal migration to the U.S. will be a
minimum of 20,000 per year.
May 2, 1995. -The U.S. and Cuba issue a joint statement reaffirming their
commitment to promote safe, legal, and orderly migration. Under this accord,
Cubans interdicted at sea or who enter the Guantanamo Naval Base illegally
are returned to Cuba provided that they do not have any protection concerns.
Returned Cubans are monitored by personnel from the United States Interests
Section.
Oct 5, 1995. -President Clinton announces measures to expand
people-to-people contacts between the U.S. and Cuba, to allow U.S. NGO's to
fund projects in Cuba, and to provide AID funding to U.S. NGO's for
Cuba-related projects.
Nov 1995. -The Concilio Cubano is formed to organize the first human
rights conference in which all human rights groups on the island were
expected to participate.
Jan 1996. -The GOC denies Concilio legal recognition. Concilio requests
permission for the conference to take place February 24, 1996.
Feb 1996. -The GOC begins an island-wide crackdown on Concilio Cubano.
During the next 3 months over 200 Concilio leaders and supporters would be
arrested, interrogated, and harassed.
Feb 24, 1996. -Cuban MIG's shoot down in international airspace two
civilian aircraft belonging to the Miami-based group Brothers to the Rescue.
Three Americans and one Cuban Legal Resident are killed.
Mar 12, 1996. -President Clinton signs the Cuban Liberty and Democratic
Solidarity (Libertad Act) which enacts penalties on foreign companies doing
business in Cuba, permits U.S. citizens to sue foreign investors who make use
of American-owned property seized by the Cuban government, and denies entry
into the U.S. to such foreign investors.
Jul 16, 1996. -President Clinton suspends enforcement of Title III
provisions of the Libertad Act permitting suits to be filed in U.S. courts
against foreign investors who are profiting from U.S.-claimed confiscated
property. Title III itself is allowed to go into effect on August 1.
Nov 19, 1996. -Pope John Paul II receives Castro at the Vatican. The Pope
accepts an invitation to visit Cuba.
Aug 16, 1996. -President Clinton appoints Ambassador Stuart Eizenstat as
the Special Representative for the Promotion of Democracy in Cuba.
Dec 2, 1996. -The European Union adopts the Common Position on Cuba,
conditioning developmental assistance to Cuba on fundamental, democratic
change.
Jan 3, 1997. -President Clinton suspends the right to sue provisions of
Title III, pointing to the progress made under the U.S.-led multilateral
initiative to promote democratic change in Cuba.
Jan 28, 1997. -The President releases a report on assistance the U.S. and
rest of the international community would provide to a transition government
in Cuba.
Feb 12, 1997. -The Administration approves licenses for U.S. news
organizations to open bureaus in Cuba. Only CNN is allowed in by the Cuban Government.
Apr 11, 1997. -U.S.-EU Understanding. The EU agrees to suspend WTO case
against the Libertad Act and other components of U.S. legislation. The U.S.
and EU agree to work together to develop binding international disciplines to
deter investment in confiscated property. U.S. agrees to seek presidential
waiver authority for Title IV of the Libertad Act if such disciplines are
developed and adhered to.
Jul 16, 1997. -Cuban state security arrests the Dissident Working Group on
charges of enemy propaganda.
Jul 16, 1997. -President Clinton for the third time suspends the right to
sue provisions of Title III.
Aug-Dec 1997. -USG approves a license request by Archdiocese of Miami to
charter a cruise ship to take pilgrims to Cuba during the Pope's visit, and
licenses for other religious groups and media to use charter aircraft to go
to Cuba for the Pope's visit.
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